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You need at least 1,500 words. Maximum is 2,000 words.
You have exceeded the 2,000-word maximum. Please shorten your paper before proceeding.
Use parenthetical citations within your essay to credit sources. Place the citation directly after the information or quotation it supports, before the period.
Basic format — one author
(Author's Last Name Year, page number)
(Morgan 1975, 45)
Use this for most books and articles with a single author.
Two authors
(Wood and Greene 2002, 112)
Three or more authors
(Ellis et al. 1999, 78)
Use "et al." after the first author's name when there are three or more authors.
Direct quotation
"The colonists believed that taxation without representation was a fundamental violation of their rights as Englishmen" (Bailyn 1967, 162).
Place the citation after the closing quotation mark, before the period.
Paraphrase or summary
Colonial grievances extended well beyond taxation to deeper questions of constitutional authority (Wood 1969, 10–12).
You do not need quotation marks when paraphrasing, but you must still cite the source.
No page number (websites, online sources)
(Declaration of Independence 1776)
(Haass 2023, chap. 4)
For sources without page numbers, use chapter, section, or paragraph numbers if available. For primary documents, use year only.
The Atlantic articles
(Lepore 2025, para. 7)
(Atlantic 2025)
Citing The American Yawp
(Locke and Wright 2019, chap. 4)
Cite by chapter since The American Yawp is a web-based textbook without fixed page numbers.
💡 Tips
Every source cited in your essay must appear in your bibliography.
Every source in your bibliography must be cited at least once in your essay.
When in doubt, cite more rather than less.
Primary sources (Declaration, Federalist Papers, etc.) are cited just like any other source.
📑 Bibliography Format (Turabian Author-Date)
List all sources cited in your paper. Entries are alphabetical by author's last name. The second and subsequent lines of each entry are indented (hanging indent).
Book — one author:
Wood, Gordon S. 1969. The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Book — two authors:
Locke, Joseph, and Ben Wright, eds. 2019. The American Yawp: A Massively Collaborative Open U.S. History Textbook. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Journal article:
Bailyn, Bernard. 1967. "Political Experience and Enlightenment Ideas in Eighteenth-Century America." The American Historical Review 67 (2): 339–51.
Magazine/Atlantic article:
Lepore, Jill. 2025. "How Originalism Killed the Constitution." The Atlantic, October 2025. https://www.theatlantic.com/...
Primary source / government document:
Declaration of Independence. 1776. U.S. National Archives. https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript.
Book by Haass:
Haass, Richard. 2023. The Bill of Obligations: The Ten Habits of Good Citizens. New York: Penguin Press.
Bibliography entries are subject to the same no-paste rule as your essay.
Step 3 — Academic Integrity Pledge
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🎓 Academic Integrity Pledge — HIST 101
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