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🆕 NEWHow many sources should you use? Over the course of the semester you have been reading various historical and contemporary documents and interpretations. These should be used in your paper as evidence. Below is a list of the required sources:

Primary sources — at least 2 (These include the sources from Page 2 Steps 3-4)
Secondary historical interpretations — at least 2 (These include the Gordon S. Wood source in the Page 2 (Steps 3-4) and the Atlantic magazine from Page 3 (Steps 5-6)
Engagement with the Richard Haass's The Bill of Obligations as it relates to the norm you chose — at least once
Insights from your interview + convention transcript/experience, integrated thoughtfully (not as a standalone section) — at least once

Paper Title

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You need at least 1,500 words. Maximum is 2,000 words.

📚 Turabian Parenthetical (Author-Date) Citation Guide

Use parenthetical citations within your essay to credit sources. Place the citation directly after the information or quotation it supports, before the period.

Basic format — one author

(Author's Last Name Year, page number)

(Morgan 1975, 45)

Use this for most books and articles with a single author.

Two authors

(Wood and Greene 2002, 112)

Three or more authors

(Ellis et al. 1999, 78)

Use "et al." after the first author's name when there are three or more authors.

Direct quotation

"The colonists believed that taxation without representation was a fundamental violation of their rights as Englishmen" (Bailyn 1967, 162).

Place the citation after the closing quotation mark, before the period.

Paraphrase or summary

Colonial grievances extended well beyond taxation to deeper questions of constitutional authority (Wood 1969, 10–12).

You do not need quotation marks when paraphrasing, but you must still cite the source.

No page number (websites, online sources)

(Declaration of Independence 1776)

(Haass 2023, chap. 4)

For sources without page numbers, use chapter, section, or paragraph numbers if available.

The Atlantic articles

(Lepore 2025, para. 7)

(Atlantic 2025)

Citing The American Yawp

(Locke and Wright 2019, chap. 4)

Cite by chapter since The American Yawp is a web-based textbook without fixed page numbers.

💡 Tips

Every source cited in your essay must appear in your bibliography.
Every source in your bibliography must be cited at least once in your essay.
When in doubt, cite more rather than less.
Primary sources (Declaration, Federalist Papers, etc.) are cited just like any other source.

📑 Bibliography Format (Turabian Author-Date)

List all sources cited in your paper. Entries are alphabetical by author's last name. The second and subsequent lines of each entry are indented (hanging indent).

Book — one author:

Wood, Gordon S. 1969. The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Book — two authors:

Locke, Joseph, and Ben Wright, eds. 2019. The American Yawp: A Massively Collaborative Open U.S. History Textbook. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Journal article:

Bailyn, Bernard. 1967. "Political Experience and Enlightenment Ideas in Eighteenth-Century America." The American Historical Review 67 (2): 339–51.

Magazine/Atlantic article:

Lepore, Jill. 2025. "How Originalism Killed the Constitution." The Atlantic, October 2025. https://www.theatlantic.com/...

Primary source / government document:

Declaration of Independence. 1776. U.S. National Archives. https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript.

Book by Haass:

Haass, Richard. 2023. The Bill of Obligations: The Ten Habits of Good Citizens. New York: Penguin Press.

Your Bibliography

Bibliography entries are subject to the same no-paste rule as your essay.

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Step 3 — Academic Integrity Pledge

Before submitting your paper, you must read and agree to the following academic integrity pledge. This confirms that the work you are submitting is your own.

🎓 Academic Integrity Pledge — HIST 101

Please read each statement carefully and check the box to indicate your agreement.

I wrote this paper myself. The ideas, arguments, and writing are my own, except where I have clearly cited sources.

I did not copy, paste, or directly import text from any outside source — including websites, books, or AI tools — into the submission field.

I have cited all sources used in this paper using Turabian Author-Date parenthetical citations, and I have included a complete bibliography.

I understand that submitting another person's work as my own, or using AI to write this paper, constitutes academic dishonesty and may result in a failing grade or other disciplinary action.

Type your full name as your digital signature:

HIST 101 Research Paper

Submissions Are Closed

Step 2 — Write Your Paper

📚 Turabian Parenthetical (Author-Date) Citation Guide

📑 Bibliography Format (Turabian Author-Date)

Step 3 — Academic Integrity Pledge

🎓 Academic Integrity Pledge — HIST 101

Step 4 — Final Review & Submit

Submission Received!

Submissions Are Closed

Step 1 — Identify Yourself

Step 2 — Write Your Paper

📚 Turabian Parenthetical (Author-Date) Citation Guide

📑 Bibliography Format (Turabian Author-Date)

Step 3 — Academic Integrity Pledge

🎓 Academic Integrity Pledge — HIST 101

Step 4 — Final Review & Submit

Submission Received!